Sorrow(दु:ख)
"प्रतिकूल वेदनीयं दु:खम्।"
Which is hostile to the soul, which is against the mind, which we do not like. The soul/Jiva does not want that. Which is not the nature of the soul. Which we do not accept. That is sorrow.
What is sorrow? (दु:ख क्या है?)
🌷बाधनालक्षणं दु:खम्। (Nyay Darshan 1/1/21)
Sorrow is what gives us hindrance, pain or heat. Although human birth is obtained as a result of virtuous deeds and as a result of sinful deeds, animals and birds etc. For this reason, there is more happiness in human birth and more sorrow in the birth of animals, birds etc. This is the proof that no matter how moneyless or resource less a person is, he never wants to get animal body like dog, horse, fish, crocodile, pig etc. Despite being resource less, he finds more happiness in the human body than in the animal body. But even after acquiring a human body, one is not completely free from sorrows. Human beings have to suffer less sorrow than animals and birds etc., but there is always some sorrow. For example, a person wants to acquire something. When he does not get that thing, he feels sad. There is also sorrow in the hard work that has to be done to get that thing. Even after doing a lot of hard work, if you get that thing in very small quantities, then there is sorrow. And whatever quantity one gets, if it is taken away by another person or it is left behind, then there is sorrow. A person does not want to be sick, but if he becomes sick, then there is sorrow. The person wants to see the growth of his family etc. and when the child is not obtained, the childless feels sad. If one gets a child and becomes handicapped or becomes ill-mannered, then there is sorrow. He is full of limbs and even if he is healthy and is not obedient, still there is sorrow. In this way, even after taking birth, human beings have to suffer many kinds of sorrows. Every intelligent person can experience appropriate sorrows while living in this world. Moksha(liberation) is the name of being completely free from all these sorrows and attaining the supreme bliss of God. As said earlier, the process of attaining this liberation is explained in this sutra. When the cause is gone, the work also disappears. According to this theory, the cause of sorrow is birth and the cause of birth is tendency, the cause of tendency is defect and the cause of defect is false knowledge. Moksha is possible by eliminating false knowledge. That is why Maharishi Kapil has also said in the Sankhya Darshan "ज्ञानान्मुक्ति" . With the presence of true knowledge, false knowledge goes away. Apart from this, there is no way to get rid of sorrows.
🌷नान्य पन्था: विद्यते अयनाय।
The heat/distress which we experience against the nature of the soul is sorrow, which no one wants. The one that everyone wants to get rid of is sorrow.
What is the cause of suffering? (दु:ख का कारण क्या है?)
The cause of sorrow is ignorance.
🌷दुःखजन्मप्रवृत्तिदोष मिथ्याज्ञानानां उत्तरोत्तरापाये तदन्तरापायाद् अपवर्ग:। (Nyay Darshan)
According to this sutra of Maharishi Gautam, the cause of sorrow is birth, if you are born, you will have to suffer. One is born only to experience happiness and sorrow and for a chance to attain liberation. Birth is the cause of sorrow, so what is the cause of birth? The cause of birth is instinct, propensity for indulgences or fruitful actions. The actions which are done in the form of sins and virtues by aiming for worldly fruits i.e. wealth, honour, means of enjoyment etc. are called Sakaam Karma or fruitful deeds. Its name is propensity/Pravritti. Nishkaam Karma is said to be that which is done in the form of virtue with the goal of attaining God. No sin is called Nishkaam Karma. Only virtuous deeds come in this. Now the fruitful actions in the form of sins and virtues are of many types. Such actions are performed with the mind, speech and body.
Three Inauspicious deeds done by the body-
Violence, theft and adultery.
Four inauspicious deeds done by speech-
Lying, speaking harshly, slandering and futile use of speech, speaking without context or necessity.
Three inauspicious deeds done by the mind -
Having bad feelings towards others, wishing to acquire the things of others and making them one's own and atheism i.e. not believing in God, soul, reincarnation, karmic system etc. are all inauspicious actions.
On the contrary, three actions by the body which are auspicious-
Giving charity, protecting others and serving others.
Four auspicious deeds by speech -
speaking the truth, speaking benevolently, speaking sweetly and self-study, reading and teaching of true scriptures like Vedas etc.
Three auspicious deeds to be done by the mind-
Having a feeling of kindness towards others, not wanting to take others' things, but to desire to earn money etc. by one's own labor and that too in the quantity which is required, not wanting more than that and theism i.e. faith in reincarnation, fruit of action(karma), God, soul etc.
When all these actions are performed with the aim of achieving worldly results, then they are called fruitful actions(Sakam Karma). When attachment, aversion etc. defects arise it is called fruitful action. These are called Pravritti/tendency. When defects like attachment, aversion etc. arise, then due to those defects, this tendency also arises in the form of action. And when this causal tendency arises, then its action result also takes place in the form of birth. Which is stated in the second place in the sutra.
Now the reason for the tendency is fault. Regarding which Maharishi Gautam has said that fault is that which motivates a person to do good and bad deeds. The person does good and bad deeds inspired by hatred and attachment. The reason for these faults is false knowledge or ignorance. Due to false knowledge, defects like attachment, hatred etc. arise.
Because of false knowledge the things which a person sees as favorable to him then attachment arises in them and hatred arises in those which appear unfavorable to him. In this way, false knowledge, causes and fault actions are called, from these tendency arise, birth take place due to these tendency and when there is a birth there is sorrow also. That's why at the root of all is false knowledge or Avidya.
If there is no false knowledge, there will be no defects, there will be no tendency, there will be no birth, and if there is no birth, then there will be no sorrow. There will be salvation and you will be free from sorrow in the joy of God.
Classification of sorrows (दु:खों का वर्गीकरण)
All sorrows can be divided into three categories: Adhyatmik, Adhibhautik and Adhidaivik.
Adhyatmik(Self-created) sorrows - The misery that arises because of its internal causes is Adhyatmik misery, in which we ourselves are guilty, the sorrows which come because of our ignorance, laziness, carelessness are Adhyatmik sorrows. These are of two types, one is physical pain and the other is mental pain. The misery which arises due to the imbalance of hormones in the body or due to abnormality of diet are called Adhyatmik physical sorrow and when sorrow arises due to lust, anger, greed, attachment, mental disorder etc. that is called Adhyatmik mental sorrow.
Adhibhautik(Given by others) sorrow - The sorrow which we get from other beings or other human beings is called Adhibhautik sorrow. For example we are hurt due to the bite of snakes, scorpions etc., from the trauma of other violent creatures, due to some virus etc., by someone's beating or harsh words of someone. That is Adhibhautik sorrow.
Adhidaivik(Due to natural disaster) sorrow - The sorrow which is caused by rain, sunshine, snowfall, lightning, earthquake, storm, hail, wind, tsunami, rainstorm, heavy rain etc. is called Adhidaivik sorrow.
The name of being completely free from these sorrows is Mukti/Moksha.
Types of suffering (दु:खों के प्रकार)
According to yoga philosopher Maharishi Patanjali, there are four types of sorrow-
Parinam sorrow, Taap sorrow, Sanskar sorrow and Gunavritti Virodh sorrow.
Parinam(resultant) - When a person feels a little satisfaction for some time after consuming taste, sound, touch etc. through his senses, it is called materialistic happiness and due to the restlessness of the senses, if one experiences some disturbance, it is called sorrow. A person thinks that by enjoying these pleasures through the senses, I will pacify my desires, but this does not happen. Rather it should be said that it is impossible to pacify the desires by enjoying the pleasures again and again. The reason is that on enjoying the pleasures, the person's attachment to that pleasure increases and the power of the senses to enjoy the pleasures also increases. But the desire calms down for some time, but it is not completely pacified. The reason for this is that the power of the senses to enjoy the pleasures is limited. After enjoying any pleasure for some time, the power of that sense gets exhausted, but the desire of the mind and the soul, is not fulfilled. The person wants to enjoy more. Due to the loss of the power of the senses, he is not able to enjoy, as a result, the person suffers. This misery occurs as a result of the enjoyment of pleasures. That's why it is called Parinam(resultant) sorrow. The way to happiness is not to practice enjoyment, but to practice Yog.
Maharishi Vyas has said
🌷तस्मादनुपाय: सुखस्य भोगाभ्यास इति।
The remedy for happiness is not indulgence.
Taap(presumption) - A person receives happiness from inanimate things like food, clothes, house, vehicle etc. and from conscious beings like son, family etc. When a person is obstructed from the happiness obtained from these, then the person who enjoys that happiness experiences sorrow. This sadness happens after obstructing, and if it is known before obstructing that such a person will hinder my happiness, then even before obstructing there is sorrow. Whether that person obstructs later or not, but if we have already imagined that he will hinder my happiness, my path, then misery will start. The name of this misery is Taap sorrow.
You can understand this in such a way that our neighbor wants to come to ask us for a machine or car. We do not want to give him that device. When we come to know that tomorrow he will come to ask us for it, then we will start feeling sad as soon as we get the information because we don't want to give that to him. If he comes to ask the next day and as neighbors we have to give him any of our instruments even if we do not wish to, then there will be more sorrow and this will continue till that device comes back to us safely. At the same time, there will also be fear in the mind that if the neighbor would spoil our machine, the name of this is Taap sorrow. In the same way, examples of sorrow caused by asking for any other valuable thing, clothes, torch, vehicle etc. can also be understood. If we are a cloth merchant and a new cloth shop is about to open in our market, then thinking that there will be a shortage of profit in our business will make us sad, that too is Taap(presumption) sorrow.
Sanskar(remembrance) - When a person enjoys pleasure from something, then the sanskars(memory) of happiness fall on the mind. These sanskars(memory), after some time, motivate that person towards the happiness they enjoyed earlier. But when due to some reason that happiness is not achieved, then the person experiences sorrow. This sorrow is due to Sanskars. That is why it is called Sanskar(remembrance) sorrow. In the same way, when a person receives sorrow from something, then the Sanskars(memory) of sorrow fall on the mind. When that painful object again appears in front of him or that person remembers that painful object, then the same Sanskars(memory) of sorrow again create sorrow. This sorrow also happens because of Sanskars. That is why it is also called Sanskar(remembrance) sorrow.
You can understand this in such a way that if someone has insulted us in the past, then by remembering that thing, in future also we may be sad because of those Sanskars(memories). If we remember things from school or fun times later in times of sorrow, then we can be sad even after thinking about those good things that I used to do this before, what has happened, what time is it?
On the basis of past memories, sorrow also comes and happiness also comes.
Gunavritti Virodh(trait conflict)- According to Vyas Bhashya of Yog Darshan, Guna means Sattva, Rajas and Tamas. There are three fundamental particles, whose group is named Prakriti. Vritti means nature.
So the nature of Gunavritti Virodh sorrow - All matter arising out of Prakriti is three-qualitative. The mind is also three-qualitative. The instincts of these three Gunas(qualities), i.e. nature, are in conflict with each other. The Sattvagun produces happiness, Rajogun produces sorrow, and Tamogun produces false knowledge. Similarly, Sattvagun produces religious tendencies, justice, mercy, benevolence, duty, etc. and Rajogun generates unrighteousness, partiality, violence, theft, selfishness etc. These qualities situated in the mind have an effect on the soul. Doing the work of these qualities is fickle. When they are full of fickleness, the effect of these qualities situated in the mind also keeps on changing. Whenever a person is endowed with benevolence, mercy, justice, righteousness, etc., under the influence of Sattva, he experiences happiness. But due to some reason, due to the influence of Rajogun or Tamogun, he gets out of this condition and if he becomes full of thoughts of partiality, violence, theft etc. then he starts feeling sad. This misery is caused by the conflict between the instincts of these qualities. That's why it is called Gunavritti Virodh(trait conflict) sorrow.
It should be understood on the basis that as one knows not to steal. it's good to eat by doing hard work. Then, due to the influence of Rajoguna, an opposing thought arose in the mind that steal it once, what is the effect at once, won't do it again. Now due to the conflict between these two Vrittis(qualities), war goes on. Wisdom says not to do. Because of the Rajogun, the thought is coming that everyone is doing, what such a big crime will I commit? So as a result of this war one becomes distraught and unhappy, because this suffering is due to mutual conflict between the tendencies of Sattvagun and Rajogun. That is why it has been called Gunavritti Virodh(trait conflict) sorrow.
Similarly, if a child thinks that he should now go home after school, then his Rajogun increases and seeing other students, he thinks that he goes home on time every day, today he will go to the cinema and reach home after some time. Now the thoughts that are coming in the mind due to the quality of Sattvagun are saying that, I should go home and thoughts are coming because of Rajoguna are saying that no, must go to the cinema, I will reach after sometime. There is a war between these two instincts and the anxiety of the mind increases. The same should be understood everywhere.
Thus four types of sorrows have been described here.
Remedies to get rid of sorrow and get happiness (दु:ख मुक्ति व सुख प्राप्ति के लिए उपाय)
Freedom from suffering is not possible without knowledge.
Follow Ashtanga Yog, by following the path given in the Vedas or by the sages, attaining the right knowledge of God, the soul, nature, and realizing God with pure knowledge, pure deeds and pure worship, this is the only way to get rid of suffering. Which is considered a means of attaining divine bliss. By following the Vedas and Moksha Shastras, bringing Yoga, Sankhya etc. into life with devotion, one gets freedom from sorrows. The following video is in Hindi which explains it further.
To remove sorrow and get happiness, you can watch this video, understand and imitate it in practice. You can be successful in any field.
All materialistic happiness is only misery mixed! Why? (सभी भौतिक सुख ही दु:ख मिश्रित है! क्यों?)
All materialistic pleasures and sorrow mixed, because the things that come from the three-qualitative Prakriti are also dominated by Rajogun and Tamogun, due to which when there is restlessness and inertia of the mind, sorrow also comes together. Maharishi Kapil has said in Sankhya Darshana, "कुत्रापि को अपि सुखी न" means no one is completely happy anywhere in the world. Still, there is more happiness and peace in the predominance of Sattvagun.
Karmaj sorrow (कर्मज दु:ख)
The sorrow that comes from destiny, due to the Karma(deeds) of the previous birth, sorrow comes in this birth also, that is the Karmaj sorrow.
Ways to increase stamina (सहन शक्ति बढ़ाने के उपाय)
Think in this way to increase stamina.
What are the benefits of suffering? How big loss would there be, If there were no sorrow?
Who calls the medicine bad which is a means of curing man's disease, no matter how bitter it may be? And who hates it. It is the form of happiness and who can call the provider of that medicine bad? Therefore, for a wise and prudent man, sorrow is actually a form of happiness. There can be no progress, expansion and change without suffering or difficulty. If there was no sorrow, the world would have remained stable in one state and the human race would perish by suffering from fatigue and laziness.
One should be happy when any obstacle or trouble is present in front of him because the presence of disturbance, trouble and difficulty means that man has reached a certain limit of stupidity and indifference and now he will have to use his special efforts and special intelligence to separate himself from that obstacle and to find the way. It should be understood that now his inner powers are calling for opportunities for freedom, practice and wisdom.
No condition is itself any difficulty or misery. Difficulty, obstacle or misery is the name of the lack of understanding of the inner meaning of that state and the way it is treated. It's just a matter of understanding. That's why there are innumerable benefits from distress or sorrow, and the reason whose work leads to progress and gives innumerable benefits is a form of happiness. That is why a wise person does not panic or does not considers it painful when sorrow comes, but glad to know the opportunity of wisdom.
The benefits that come from suffering are innumerable, they are not counted, but here we present some of the main benefits which are visible to all-
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The biggest benefit of suffering is that the person turns towards God. If there is no sorrow, then the world will forget God completely.
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Due to sorrow detachment comes from the world, which is very necessary for Moksha/liberation. If there is no sorrow, then there will be attachment in the world itself, the person will be trapped in worldly pleasures.
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Due to sorrow, a person becomes Dharmic because a person who is sad or sick does not think of unrighteousness, rather thinks about Dharma. He thinks that If I get well, I'll do something good. He thinks such only when sorrow or disease comes.
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One of the great benefits of suffering is that a person turns attention to his own faults, to his own mistakes that what faults have I done or am doing?
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Suffering makes a person a doctor. Just like the one who gets diabetes, after a few years, he becomes a specialist by curing diabetes. A person who gets imprisoned date after date, he becomes half a lawyer.
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When sorrow comes, a person becomes a motivator. He says to one's own and other's family that I have made this mistake, don't you, I have taken this sorrow, you avoid it. He inspires others.
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When sorrow comes, a person becomes wise. Perhaps only in grief, all of you must have also met experts to solve your problem. and you got the knowledge of many scriptures, Vedas by connecting with the gurus. If you hadn't been sad or in problem, we might never have met. And we would not have got to read Yog Darshan, Sankhya Darshan etc.
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There is also a benefit of suffering that who is my own in this world is known. The difference between one's own and alien is known only when there is sorrow. You are happy and have thousands of friends of facebook but when sorrow comes, it is known who really is a real friend? If there were no sorrow then you would not even know who is your own in the world? And a person would always spend life in an illusion.
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When sorrow comes, a person becomes patient and while removing sorrow, he is filled with confidence that Yes! I have fought with a big enemy, defeated him, this is a great achievement, people get annoyed even with the slightest thorn, I have faced such a great sorrow. This confidence is a very big thing.
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One of the benefits of suffering is that one of our sinful deeds is diminished. Sin karma decreases. Maybe this sorrow was the result of some wrong done by us, which we have suffered, now we will not have to suffer further. This punishment had to be served anyway! Let it be, have been suffered in present otherwise have to suffer in the future.
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Man becomes like pure gold only after suffering. If there is no sorrow, then there will be nothing left in a person's life to do penance.
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There is also a benefit of suffering that a person starts experiencing the sorrows of others. One who passes from sorrow , is only able to experience the suffering of others.
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When sorrow comes, a person becomes kind and benevolent. Is it a small thing?
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When sorrow comes, a person becomes a seeker, becomes a scientist, becomes a Yogi, attains God.
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When sorrow comes, a person becomes tolerant.
And even after having so many above benefits, if you have any doubt then think that behind every sorrow there is a happiness. Behind every night there is a sunrise. No sorrow can remain attached to our existence. Our welfare is hidden behind this, God's mercy and justice are hidden behind this.
Therefore, one should never be afraid of sorrows and should not be disturbed. This life is a Kurukshetra, a battlefield, in this nothing can be achieved without sacrificing. This life is a test and man is victorious in this test.
